PLS finds latent variables (LVs) that explain variability observed in the dependent measures (AEPs), which directly covary with experimental conditions (e.g., groups, sessions).
Generally most of the variability is characterized by M latent variables with a maximum of M = 5 required for most problems.
PLS is able to identify models with a reduced number of latent variables, which account for most of the process variability.
We found serious problems when arbitrary values are used for normalization and when data variability is low, especially regarding the generation of the latent variables.
The gene-specific loadings vectors (arrows in Fig. 2a, b) are the projections of each gene onto the latent variable space, and show the extent to which different genes contribute to the variability in the response variable.
Correlations of the original variables are evaluated on the basis of a smaller number of latent variables, the so-called principal component (PC), which represent a part of total variability.
He noted that Mendelian inheritance establishes a cycle between free and potential (latent) genetic variability (Darlington & Mather 1949, p. 276): Potential variability is contained by heterozygotes, while free variability is exhibited by the phenotypes of their offspring as a result of segregation.
Unlike policymakers, theoreticians seek to measure underlying latent variables like d' m (the degree to which memory signals overlap) and σ C (criterion variability).
But a theory of lineup memory would make a specific prediction about the first latent variable (the distribution of memory signals) without necessarily making any prediction about the second (criterion variability).
According to Figure 5, CTCs reached 90% of steady-state at 195 days, whereas PSA reached it at 355 days; accounting for interindividual variability, 91% of simulated patients showed a faster variation in CTC than PSA after latent variable increase.
