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Using the valgus brace, medial/lateral CCR decreased significantly during the late stance and the flexor/extensor CCR decreased significantly during the loading phase and late stance.
The prosthesis contributed to braking from early to mid-stance and propulsion in late stance.
AFOs also help in gait exercise by stabilizing the joint for effective push-off during late stance, preventing toe-drag during swing.
The findings show that rocker shoes reduce the ankle plantar flexion moment during the late stance phase of running and walking in healthy people.
Orthoses increased knee internal abduction moment during late stance and knee abduction angular impulse, and reduced the medial ground reaction force during late stance, adduction free moment, forefoot eversion angle, ankle inversion moment and angular impulse, hip adduction angle, hip abduction moment, and hip external rotation moment and angular impulse (p<0.05).
Evidence suggests a link between the loading of the Achilles tendon and the magnitude of the ankle internal plantar flexion moment during late stance of gait, which is clinically relevant in the management of Achilles tendinopathy.
The peak ankle plantar flexion moment was reduced significantly in late stance of running (0.27 Nm/kg; p < 0.001) and walking (0.24 Nm/kg; p < 0.001) with the rocker shoe compared to standard shoe.
We found that the medial meniscus plays a dominant load-carrying role in the early stance phase and less so in late stance, while the lateral meniscus distributes load throughout gait.
In late stance after heel off, the foot complex mainly serves as a force modulator like a gear box, modulating effective mechanical advantages of ankle plantiflexor muscles using metatarsal-phalangeal joints.
In an effort to improve amputee gait, energy storage and return feet have been developed that store mechanical energy in elastic structures in early to mid-stance and return it in late stance.
Our data suggested that while Ecm and Erm of a meniscus are critical in determining knee joint mechanics in early and late stance (peak 1 and peak 3 of the gait cycle), for some knees that have greater laxity in the mid-stance phase of gait, the stiffness of the articular cartilage, Ec, can influence force distribution across the tibial plateau.
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