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Separate analysis of early and late extinction revealed no significant differences in brain activity.
The effect was not observed in the second conditioning block (A2) (but compare the change relative to the preceding (late) extinction block).
> -wrap-foot> For each experimental phase (fear conditioning, unconditioned responses 'shock delivery', late extinction learning and early extinction recall), correlations between brain activations and estradiol levels are listed.
Our data showed that the high estradiol (HE) group was the major contributor to these significant effects, with women from that group exhibiting higher activation in these brain regions during fear conditioning, late extinction learning, and early extinction recall.
During late extinction, the rostral portion of the cingulate cortex (rACC) showed a significant effect of Group (−14, 42, 10; cluster size = 6; F(3,62) = 3.74, FWE p = 0.038).
During late extinction, a main effect of Group was revealed in the anterior region of the left insular cortex (−24, 24, 2; cluster size = 70; F(3,62) = 7.88, FWE p = 0.004, Fig. 1b upper panel).
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Late Devonian extinction rates were also significantly lower than extinction rates during the Middle Devonian at the α = 0.05 level for Schizophoria, Floweria, and the combined dataset, although this comparison is marginally insignificant for Leiopteria (α = 0.10).
The first mammals and dinosaurs appeared after the late Permian extinction, and the first vascular plants after the Late Ordovician extinction.
In this case, the late Quaternary extinction event might have influence on this pattern only if there was a selective extinction of extreme eurybiomic species (BSI ≥ 5), which seems improbable because most of the extinct South American large mammals were adapted to open environments instead of being very generalist species.
Puma concolor, an evolutionary adept that, unlike the sabre-toothed cat, survived the Late Pleistocene Extinction, is found from Tierra del Fuego to the Canadian Yukon.
We conclude that the matter of causation and the conclusions of previous Late Pleistocene extinction models remain far less certain than many have assumed.
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