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Using differential gene content, we characterized enrichment profiles of the collection of strains relating to phylogeny, early vs. late colonization, pathogenicity and growth rate.
We compare the genomic content of strains with different phylogenetic, pathogenic vs. commensal, growth rate and early vs. late colonization characteristics in order to determine enrichment profiles that may explain these ecological traits.
The late colonization of the Central Anatolian Plateau may be a result of the high altitude of the region (and more severe climatic conditions) and the scarcity of suitable underground habitats.
Furthermore, isolates 2001 and 2002 HH20000) clustered together as did most MRSA isolates from HH1000 10011005005, and 1003, representing the initial clinical isolate, late colonization isolate, and spa-variant, respectively).
Interestingly, three of the genes unique to the parent strain were also called in the early colonization enrichment list whereas none of the genes unique to the parent strain were found in the list of genes from the late colonization enrichment.
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Reduced codon bias and growth rate have previously been associated with late gut colonization [ 17], indicating that isolate EDM123c has in fact evolved toward a late colonizer profile.
The colonization categorizations are the ones used for gene enrichment comparison between early and late colonizers.
Another report noted that colonization of F. nucleatum induced red complex species habitation by binding both early and late colonizers in dental plaque [ 24].
This region remained mostly unsettled during the Upper Paleolithic (Magdalenian or Epigravettian) so that the Late Paleolithic colonization after the LGM appears to be a major behavioral adaptation.
Our results are inconsistent with a late Pleistocene colonization of the Bonneville Basin during the Bonneville Flood.
The endemic gossamer-wing damselfly originated during the early to middle Pleistocene period, earlier than the late Pleistocene colonization of the majority of Taiwanese freshwater vertebrates.
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