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Using the photothermal laser and mechanical chopper, cyclical amplitude modulations in OPL are achieved over time in the M-mode scan.
Laser was chopped by an optical chopper (Stanford Research SR540 Optical Chopper, Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, USA) at 3 Hz.
This algorithm was verified by conducting experiments with an optical chopper and a laser.
The lasers were modulated with an optical chopper at a frequency of 2 Hz, such that only one laser wavelength was selected at one given time.
Optical collimator lens is used to send the laser signal through a mechanical optical chopper onto the sample.
The laser beam is chopped using a mechanical chopper and directed to the sample surface.
Quasi-DC photocurrent imaging was initially performed by modulating the laser excitation (∼100 200 Hz) using a mechanical chopper and current was detected using a lock-in amplifier.
Graham spent $1.4 million on two Eurocopter commercial choppers and another $2.6 million on the laser technology they'd been leasing from Saab, Inc., of Sweden.
To land a chopper safely in the dirt requires sophisticated laser scanners to detect obstacles hidden by dust thrown up by the downdraught of the rotors.
The laser pulse is split into two parts by the chopper blades; one is the preheating pulse that is reflected onto optical loop mirrors; the other is the directly transmitted pulse that creates the craters at the preheated spots.
The laser beam was split 50/50 and directed through a chopper wheel (MC1F10, Thorlabs) to illuminate the sample consecutively from opposing directions.
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