Molluscs are generally regarded members of the Lophotrochozoa, a group defined by having trochophore larvae and, in the case of living Lophophorata, a feeding structure called a lophophore.
The egg hatches into a larva, which in the case of morpho peleides is a bright red-and-yellow caterpillar with a triangular head capsule covered with stiff hairs.
Carnivores usually act as definitive hosts and they contribute to the transmission of zoonotic infections by disseminating infective eggs or larvae in the environment (in the case of Toxocara spp., Ancylostoma spp., Strongyloides stercoralis or Echinococcus spp).
In the case of larvae, the rates ranged (81 97%) depending on the tested strain.
The influence of host tree was particularly evident in the case of larvae.
The bacterial communities, especially in the case of larvae, showed significant differences as a function of host tree, site of sampling, and, to a lesser extent, specific individuals.
These high disease transmission rates explain, why also previously un-exposed control brood was removed at relatively high rates particularly in the case of larvae.
Total RNA from six adult samples of each of the time points was pooled in equal amounts to have a representation of 30 individuals as in the case of larvae and pupae.
Besides non-autonomously modulating the expression of dilp mRNA in the adult brain, dFOXO has been reported to regulate the transcription of dilp6 within fat body, at least in the case of larvae (Okamoto et al., 2009; Slaidina et al., 2009).
As a result a significant increase in the levels of hsp70 protein, SRE bindings, and ELK-1 phosphorylation were observed in the case of exposed larvae.
