Occasionally large-effect mutations with small or inconspicuous pleiotropic effects are observed as under strong selection.
Fragmented DNA samples are loaded directly onto a flow cell and sequenced, thus detecting both small- and large-scale mutations with minimal sample preparation and high accuracy.
This may be ensured by the generation of large mutations (particularly deletions), numerous mutations with epistatic interactions, or chimeric viruses in which the structural proteins of a well-attenuated virus are replaced with those of the virus targeted for immunization.
Thus, Revolver-like transcripts do exist in T. aestivum, although their proportion among total EST clones is extremely small, and given that they include variants with large mutations, no true Revolver genes were present.
Proteins with a large number of mutations with thermodynamic data were ideal for the validation.
The forward genetic approach is to first induce a large set of mutations with phenotypes that appear to change the process in question, followed by attempts to define the genes that normally guide the process.
Although PMD contained a large number of mutations with phenotype descriptions and annotations, the interpretation of these descriptions proved to be more complex than the similar data contained in SWISS-PROT and the results were inconclusive.
The dependence of mitochondrial function on RNA protein and protein protein interactions provides a large target for mutations with epistatic effects on metabolism (Burton and Barreto 2012).
Our work, together with other studies, contribute to the identification of a large number of mutations with the aim to simplify the challenge in confirming the clinical diagnosis of patients affected by LI.
On the whole, it is interesting to note that AldO is a relatively robust enzyme, being able to withstand a large number of mutations with apparently no or marginal effects on its expression, activity and stability.
