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[H: hardness; P max: the largest indentation force; A (h c): projection area of the indentation].
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The force is large enough to overcome the combined attraction force on the indenter, so the indentation force seldom appears to be negative.
It is concluded that the creep depth variation under different forces gets larger through creep while the indentation force variation under different depths gets smaller through relaxation.
As the indenter further advances, the indentation force then alters to repulsive and increases with the progress of indentation.
A Gilmore apparatus was used with a stainless steel indenter and 1/4-pound indentation force for the initial setting time measurement; a 1-pound indentation force was used for the final setting time.
(d) Indentation force relaxation with a rigid spherical indenter (R = 12 nm) under constant indentation depths.
The indentation force has been calculated for elastomer membranes with large deformations in the absence of friction, using the Mooney strain-energy function.
During the initial period of dry indentation, the curves start with zero indentation force, which indicates that the distance between the copper surface and the indenter is larger than the cutoff distance for any meaningful atomic interaction.
Compared with dry indentation, wet indentation incurs higher indentation force during the initial penetration of the indenter, but lower force during the full penetration period.
Based on the results, the major findings can be summarized as follows: Compared with dry indentation, wet indentation incurs higher indentation force during the initial penetration of the indenter, but lower force during the full penetration period.
At the same indentation force, the indentation depth and the pressed volume on Si(100) surface were the largest, while those on Si(111) surface were the smallest.
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