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Our results show that for a given chemical, a lower solution freezing point provides a larger driving force for diffusion and results in faster melting.
Thus, while higher transmembrane pressure provided a larger driving force for water transport, this driving force was counteracted by a higher resistance caused by cake layer compression.
The latter reaction, as compared to the first one, is driven by a larger driving force and thus the extent of the discontinuous transformation increases considerably with decreasing Cr/Mo-ratio.
The simulation results show that the multistage reactors have better mass and heat transfer, a lower rate of oxygen consumption, higher operating temperatures of the H2 membrane, and a larger driving force for hydrogen permeation, and hence can produce more than three times the amount of pure hydrogen than the single-stage reactor.
A larger driving force for ET would presumably seem to favor a sequential ET/PT mechanism.
This can be explained considering that the Cu3P → InP conversion requires a larger driving force in order to take place and optimized reaction conditions are necessary.
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For larger driving forces the reduction of mass-transfer is less marked than indicated above.
This is obvious that for higher initial concentration more efficient usage of the sorption capacity of the anion exchangers is expected due to larger driving forces connected with a greater gradient of concentration.
Compared to our previous study, larger driving forces (stress amplitudes up to 510 MPa (60% of the ultimate tensile strength), corresponding to plastic strain amplitudes up to ∼0.1%) were applied, leading to the propagation of microstructurally small cracks ahead of the notch.
Larger driving forces would result from elastic strain energies, where the energy is proportional to the stress level squared.
Since a traditional mechanical transmission structure cannot achieve high precision, a piezoelectric actuator is usually applied to drive the mechanism because of its high resolution, high accuracy, and large driving force.
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