As predicted, the frequency of evolved SM cheats inhabiting the biofilm increased with increasing bottleneck size (Figure 1, Table 1; F1,19 = 5.72, P = 0.027), suggesting that reductions in relatedness caused by larger bottlenecks disfavoured cooperation.
Once a company reaches a certain size, even the fastest dedicated internet connections can be a large bottleneck for transferring data.
Nor would it help the county's largest bottleneck, the Hawthorne Circle.
Ulriken Tunnel represents the largest bottleneck on the Bergen Line, due to the commuter trains to Arna.
If such a bill goes into law, the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program shows how it may work, since the government has been able to get through many applications without a large bottleneck, Singer said.
Subculturing with a large bottleneck may, however, generate a diverse mixture of bacterial cells with divergent traits within the bacterial community.
Interestingly, after propagation with a large bottleneck, the bacteria retained the smooth O-antigen chain-expressing phenotype, even without a final passage in broth, and no inverse selection against O-antigen chain expression had occurred.
After passage with a large bottleneck, the futA locus of all 67:21-derived isolates (50pL 67:21) contained a hybrid of the parental futA and futB sequences (type A-B, Figure 7, Table 2).
By comparing the levels of acquired diversity after the three different modes of subculturing, it is notable that the phenotypes were most stable after in vitro passages using a large bottleneck, as compared to in vitro passage with a small bottleneck or in vivo passage in mice.
After 50 large bottleneck in vitro passages of 67:20 and 67:21, the LPS profiles of the recovered bacterial population appeared unaffected and O-antigen chain length as well as Lewis glycosylation of the subcultured isolates were indistinguishable to the corresponding original wild-type strains (data not shown).
