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Lodgepole forests regenerate through large-scale "stand replacing events," which include fire and insects.
In the absence of large-scale stand replacing disturbances, boreal forests can remain in the old-growth stage over time because of a dynamic equilibrium between small-scale mortality and regeneration processes.
This study was designed to test the hypotheses that large-scale stand thinning, at a 15-year period after PCT, would enhance: (i) productivity and structural features (crown volume, diameter, height, and volume growth of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) crop trees); and (ii) coniferous stand structure (abundance, species diversity, and structural diversity of coniferous tree layers).
Objectives of this project were that large-scale stand thinning to a wide range of densities, at a 25-year period after PCT, would enhance: (1) productivity and structural features (diameter and height growth, and crown volume and dimensions of crop trees; (2) merchantable volume of crop trees; and (3) development of old-growth structural attributes.
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In this study, a novel large-scale stand-alone solar/wind/battery hybrid power generation system is designed and constructed.
The effect of storms (i.e. tornados and wind) and insects on forest NBP were not considered here, however, large-scale stand-killing disturbances such as fire and wind are rare (> 400 year return interval) for Upper Great Lake forests [27].
The first one is the 'large cycle' mode driven by infrequent and often large-scale stand-replacing disturbances, such as caused by high-severity fires or windstorms, initiating more or less even-aged forest development.
Although concentrating collectors are generally thought of as large-scale stand-alone systems, there is a huge opportunity to use novel concentrating solar thermal systems for rooftop applications such as domestic hot water, industrial process heat and solar air conditioning for commercial, industrial and institutional buildings.
The drive for fuel cell technology research and development stems from cleanliness of the technology, high chemical to electrical conversion efficiency and versatile applications ranging from large-scale, stand-alone stationary power plant to modular distributed generation systems to advanced mobile auxiliary power units.
The effect of storms (i.e. tornados and wind) and insects on forest NBP were not considered here, however, large-scale stand-killing disturbances such as fire and wind are rare (> 400 year return interval) for Upper Great Lake forests [ 27].
Large-scale IMF stands for low-frequency band signal.
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