Transition between the two phases follows the large scale fragmentation of the glass plies – this will be captured through a stress-based damage criterion.
However, large scale fragmentation and the resulting isolation of the patches, can lead to the destabilization of multi-trophic systems, and hence of metacommunity functioning because parasitoids will be absent in many isolated patches [32].
We assessed the model's performance using a combination of simulated data, results from a protist microcosm experiment, and data from a long-term, large-scale habitat fragmentation experiment in southeastern Australia.
In the nucleus, AIF is thought to increase chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA fragmentation [41].
Upon induction of apoptosis Endonuclease G has been shown to be translocated to the nucleus at a time which coincides with large-scale DNA fragmentation [25], [26].
Once the nucleus condenses, this leads to large-scale chromatin fragmentation, followed by cell death.
Alternatively, endonuclease G (EndoG) can translocate to the nucleus, where it is capable of mediating large-scale DNA fragmentation independent of caspase activity.
In these models AIF translocation from the mitochondria to the nucleus was associated with chromatin condensation and large-scale DNA fragmentation in dying neurons.
In this context, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (Endo G) relocated to the nucleus and mediate large-scale DNA fragmentation.
In parthanatos, the key event is AIF release from the mitochondria and translocation to the nucleus, followed by chromatin condensation, large-scale DNA fragmentation and subsequent cell death (Wang et al. 2009a).
