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Since the number of available observatories becomes limited for retrieving large-scale external coefficients from the very early twentieth century, we present our UMSL estimate from 1930 onward.
Across-track gradient data are less sensitive to large-scale external fields, in particular to those responsible for leveling issues between nearby measurements.
Large-scale external levees bound the entire system whilst smaller-scale internal levees bound individual thalweg channels within the channel-belt.
The common mode rejection of large-scale external signals from the lower pair is ideally suited for this gradiometer to successfully perform its work in the first part of the mission in a worst-case scenario.
Large-scale external (magnetospheric) sources are parameterized in a manner similar to the CHAOS-2 model, with an expansion of the remote magnetospheric sources (magnetotail and magnetopause) in Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric (GSM) coordinates (up to n = 2) and of near magnetospheric sources (magnetospheric ring current) in the Solar Magnetic (SM) coordinate system (also up to n = 2).
It should be pointed out that in real practice, one rarely has the luxury to conduct such a large-scale external validation, but will often have to settle for a satisfactory internal validation method which is precisely the focal point of this paper.
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As in GRIMM, the time variations of this large scale external field are parameterized using a piecewise linear polynomial in time with a node every three months.
The rapid time variations are parameterized using the VMD (time series of the estimated disturbances due to large scale external fields (Thomson and Lesur, 2007)).
The large scale external fields are described by: (3)The maximum SH degree for the potential V e is L e = 2.
Apart from the lithospheric field, the model includes the core field, a representation of the large scale external fields and their associated internally induced counterparts.
The large scale external field is modeled only at SH degree 1, but the modeling is robust only in the X and Y SM directions due to the data selection at mid and low latitudes.
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