However, these methods are time-consuming or require expensive equipment, skilled operators, often require a large volume of sample and cannot be used for real-time measurements.
The immobilized DMC is a promising tool for sequestrating such emerging pollutant at low concentrations in a large volume of sample that would allow the characterization of concentrated Ag NPs by transmission electron microscopy.
However, we found the conventional Stern Volmer Equation is applicable only for large systems such as a fluorescent microscope with a large volume of sample and dye solution; and it is not valid for portable devices using a small photo detector and a small volume of sample and dye solution.
Because of the large volume of sample required and ethical restrictions, the use of a panel of individual patient sera was not possible or practical.
The nucleic acid amplification tests too may present reasonable sensitivity, at least with systems accepting large volume of sample (up to 2 mL) [ 86].
Given the sufficiently large volume of sample patients adopted for the current study, it was extremely unlikely that any important variables would have been overlooked.
These were outlined by SooHoo and Walker: (1) a large volume of sample is required, (2) separation can take up to 20 min, (3) multiple separations may be required, and (4) continuous processing is difficult [ 20].
The reported sensor required the measurement to be conducted in a bulk stirred solution that needed a relatively large volume of sample and thus feasible in laboratory-based analysis only.
Most HPV tests have multiple step protocols and testing laboratories experience large volumes of samples.
