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It has also granted licenses to the other large trait developers, allowing them to create combinations of engineered traits in a process known as stacking.
Thus, from a functional perspective, the imbalance in trait mismatch with respect to trait magnitude is greater than suggested by the phenotypic relationship alone, with plants gaining the functional upper-hand at large trait magnitudes despite close trait matching.
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However, if only high quality individuals are capable of bearing the handicap of growing large traits or symmetric traits we would expect size and symmetry of traits to correlate.
In this case, there would be directional selection for larger trait values.
Importantly, this modification illustrates how selection is a probabilistic phenomenon (larger trait values are more likely, but not guaranteed, to survive).
This could be explained by a larger trait variation existing in a F2 progeny in the latter studies.
Using the median form is a conservative choice as compared to use of the mean version of the Levene's statistics, as the median form is less sensitive and less susceptible to artefacts with increasing variance in larger trait measurements.
For this mechanism to generate the pattern we describe above (i.e. larger trait mismatches in favour of the plants at higher trait magnitudes) plants would need to be more specialized than their animal partners and the degree of asymmetry should be highest at high trait magnitudes.
The genomic BLUP methodology has shown highest accuracy for traits without large quantitative trait loci (QTL) but the BayesB method has shown highest accuracy for traits with known large QTL, because it puts higher weight on genetic markers with large effects [ 5, 6].
Moreover, in most reported instances of fecundity-based sexual size dimorphism, sexually dimorphic traits consistently co-vary with size differences (i.e., the larger sex also exhibits larger traits) [ 58, 62].
We used principal components analysis (PCA) to explore whether there were multivariate correlations in root responses among species, analogous to larger trait-based studies exploring overall plant strategies (e.g. Grime et al. 1997).
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