They suggested that the "negatively curved" (or non-euclidean) nature of microscopic growth patterns of biological organisms is one of the key reasons why large-scale organisms do not look like crystals or polyhedral shapes but in fact in many cases resemble self-similar fractals.
In model organisms large scale studies of gene expression have identified numerous properties of genes and proteins that significantly correlate with selective constraints.
Because the method can readily be applied on a large scale to phylogenetically-diverse organisms, we anticipate that large-scale comparative analyses will provide insights into the mechanisms of network structure evolution.
In industrial large scale bio-reactions micro-organisms are generally exposed to a variety of environmental stresses, which might be detrimental for growth and productivity.
The fast development of genomic and proteomic methods has already revealed the basic protein inventory of a few hundred different organisms, but large scale quantitative information on protein concentrations is still largely missing.
Large scale gene analysis of most organisms is hampered by incomplete genomic sequences.
Phylogenetic analysis of the EFL sequences detected in this study gives a tree that is overall similar to other published EFL phylogenies (for example [ 13, 14, 16, 20]), although with fewer taxa as we only considered organisms with large scale EST and whole genome data available (Additional file 2: Figure S1A).
Domesticated pig (Sus scrofa) was our choice of model organism for large scale gene expression profiling as it provides easy access to samples of tissues, which are physiologically and anatomically similar to those of other mammalians used in biomedical research, such as human and mouse.
The degree of genetic heterozygosity (SNPs and ASH) in any to date sequenced Giardia isolate do not support the idea of frequent large scale genetic exchange in this organism, especially not between assemblages [ 40].
The activity of hydrogenase is inhibited at the presence of molecular oxygen, forming a major barrier for large scale production of hydrogen in autotrophic organisms.
In particular, observations of epidemics on a large scale (involving tens of thousands of organisms) are extremely scarce and incomplete [1], [2], [9], [10].
