Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are large-scale eruptions of plasma and magnetic field that can produce adverse space weather at Earth and other locations in the Heliosphere.
The rarity of large scale eruptions makes it important to capitalize on the learning opportunities events, exercises, and reviews provide for developing situational awareness and for facilitating the ability of scientific advisors to develop shared mental models of their and others role in response management.
In a period of campaign-style implementation, however, policies are implemented at whatever cost and on a large scale, damaging the legitimacy of policies, blocking the channel for legal solutions, incurring large-scale eruption of problems, eliminating the buffer period for coordination, and exerting tremendous pressure on the grassroots society (Fig. 1).
Our study demonstrates that intensive monitoring of the shallow conduit in addition to deep magma reservoirs is crucial for detecting the signs of future large-scale eruptions.
While eruptions do not always follow clear signs of unrest, calderas can erupt with little warning, preceded only by small unrest signals3, 4. Due to this complex behaviour and the hazard associated to their large-scale eruptions, calderas are generally considered the most dangerous types of volcanoes.
Areas to be addressed include: Improvement of RATM-based ash-fall predictions for strong wind conditions and for large-scale eruptions.
Shikoku Electric claimed in the appeal that it believes there is a "low possibility" of the volcano having a large-scale eruption while the reactor is in operation.
The Japanese Meteorological Agency said: "The possibility for a large-scale eruption has become extremely high for Sakurajima".
"The possibility for a large-scale eruption has become extremely high for Sakurajima," the agency said, warning residents to exercise "strict caution" and prepare for a possible evacuation.
The last large-scale eruption was in 1877, and it is believed that another one is now inevitable.
