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It allows a large scale duplication of highly productive palms not achieved via conventional breeding.
The presence of a large scale duplication of loci on chromosome A10 was also observed in this B. napus parent (see [ 25]).
One model of genomic instability that is consistent with these findings is large scale duplication of the entire genome with subsequent loss of whole chromosomes or smaller intrachromosomal regions.
A large scale duplication of this gene family may be explained by the teleost-specific genome duplication event (3R) occurring early in the evolution of teleost fish, which followed two rounds of complete genome duplication (2R) observed early in the evolution of the vertebrate lineage [ 28].
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The large scale duplications of the Arabidopsis genome have been extensively analyzed and documented ([ 64- 66] and references therein).
The genome of B. floridae was previously considered relatively unduplicated [86], [87], however more recent evidence documents large-scale duplication of genes from certain functional categories in the amphioxus lineage.
In this study, Fig. 2 indicates that a large-scale duplication of OR genes occurred in the placental mammalian lineage between the mammal-bird split and the placental-marsupial split, and it appears that the expansion of OR genes coincided with the reduction of opsin genes.
The repertoire of T. brucei has been further expanded by the relatively recent creation of two similar copies of KIN13-4 (KIN13-4b and Kidentity 72% identity) accompanying the large-scale duplication of a ∼0.5 Mb region shared between chromosomes 4 and 8 [24].
Previous studies found that the location of two rice TFIIAγ genes corresponded to a large-scale duplication of a portion of rice chromosomes 1 and 5 [ 7, 8].
A prominent example of this is the large-scale duplication of beta-keratin genes in the ancestors of birds, which was crucial to the subsequent evolution of their beaks, claws, and feathers.
From these ratios as well as the phylogenetic inference, it seems likely that there has not been a large-scale duplication of lignin biosynthesis genes in bamboo after it diverged from rice (Additional file 9).
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