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Over the past week, three government ministers have resigned following the arrests of their sons in a large scale corruption case, dozens of high-ranking police officers have been removed from their posts in spurious circumstances and a sex tape allegedly starring Numan Kurtulmuş – Erdogan's deputy – has been leaked on YouTube.
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State media have not been allowed to report on another large-scale corruption case that has reportedly led to the detention of many high police and party officials in Fujian Province.
According to the Stolen Asset Recovery (Star) initiative of the World Bank and the UNODC, most large-scale corruption cases involve using legal entities to conceal ownership and control of corrupt proceeds – hence the need for greater transparency to reduce opportunities for wrongdoing.
Globally, according to an analysis by the World Bank, perpetrators in 85percentt of large-scale corruption cases hid their proceeds with the help of companies whose owners couldn't be found.
Large scale corruption is a real and present danger to the poor, whether or not they themselves pay bribes.
The Chinese word "guangxi" means connections - but it has come to symbolise large scale corruption when doing business in modern-day China.
In fact, a study of 150 cases of large-scale corruption showed that American shell companies were used more often than those registered in any other country.
Consequently, levels of both petty and large-scale corruption remains high, and businesses continue to face demands for facilitation payments for routine government services.
Later that year Estrada was brought to trial on charges of plunder (large-scale corruption) and accused of having procured more than $80 million through bribes and corrupt dealings.
In his case, the website displayed a letter from bank employees who claimed he was part of an "extremely large-scale corruption network", with bank accounts worth millions of dollars.
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