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Conversion of this large precursor to the mature species involves sequential removal of flanking and internal sequences, the external (ETS) and internal transcribed spacers (ITS), through action of endonucleases and exonucleases (Fig. 1; for a review, see [1]).
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SREBPs are translated as large precursors tethered to the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membrane where they, in response to sterol depletion, are proteolytically cleaved into mature, transcriptionally active factors that migrate to the nucleus and bind sterol regulatory elements of specific genes [ 18].
Neuropeptides generally require processing from a larger precursor polypeptide to become biologically active.
It has previously been reported that orthologs to the large precursor peptide, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) are found in lamprey and that these are encoded by two genes, POM (proopiomelanotropin) and POC (proopiocortin).
In all organisms examined, the 18S genes are the first of the ribosomal RNAs to be synthesized when Polymerase I initiates transcription at a promoter located at the end of the Non Transcribed Spacer (NTS, also called intergenic Spacer - IGS) of the rDNA repeat unit, giving rise to a large precursor RNA molecule that includes all rRNA species.
NGF is derived by proteolytic cleavage of a large precursor protein, proNGF, which is recognised to possess distinctive biological functions.
Within 10 years, Steiner and others found that this mechanism of proteolytic processing of a large single chain precursor to form the smaller mature peptide applied to many other hormones and neuropeptides.
Filaggrin gene (FLG) is strongly expressed in the granular cells of the epidermis leading to production of a large precursor protein profilaggrin.
EDNs are synthesised as large precursor proteins that are post-translationally cleaved to the biologically active 21-amino acid form [ 3].
The first corresponds to the Os03g0611100 gene which gives a large precursor encoding tandem copies of osa-miR1428e osa-miR1428d428d stem-loop structures.
The protein appears to be subject to post-translational proteolysis producing a constitutively active core from a large precursor.
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