This large differentiation between the species makes the genetic identification of hybrids less ambiguous, and therefore, the heterozygote state of all morphologically intermediate plants at most loci gives strong evidence that these individuals are indeed hybrids of B. crispa and B. officinalis.
The largest differentiation between pairs of subpopulations was found between the Western-Central Europe and the Eastern groups, for both Ks = 3 and 5, with D est = 0.217 and 0.256 respectively).
These general observations held for all V A where capture was observed, with capture occurring at smaller gates with lower V A. The largest differentiation between strains was observed at V A = 1000 V.
Among the CNV regions that showed the largest differentiation between dogs and wild canids we found 12 genes, nine of which are related to two known functions associated with dog domestication; growth (PDE4D, CRTC3 and NEB) and neurological function (PDE4D, EML5, ZNF500, SLC6A11, ELAVL2, RGS7 and CTSB).
The positive relationship between large-scale genetic and geographic distances was likely driven by discrete genetic differences between lakes as hierarchical AMOVA and the neighbour-joining tree implied: the largest differentiation occurred between populations from distinct lakes followed by differences between populations within lakes.
The unusually large genetic differentiation between these populations was not due to genotyping error, systematic artifacts, or sampling bias.
The largest genetic differentiation between populations in our data set existed between the Big Salmon River from the upper Yukon River and all other coastal populations.
This indicated that the largest genetic differentiation between the two sub-sets was within the A genome with the least differences in the D. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) between the landraces and modern varieties by genomes was also carried out (Table 5).
Considering only breeding populations, eastern Spain (SpE) showed the highest number of significant pairwise comparisons (seven out of 12), while the largest differentiation among populations was found between western Spain (SpW) and central France (PLO) (SpW-PLO: ΦST = 0.216).
Males present a slightly larger differentiation with 6 traits showing significant differences between the genera in the MASS corrected data.
