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The overload of snow led to numerous large avalanches across the Alps, one of which, on the Piz Vilan, in Switzerland, killed five people.
Large fans with smaller catchments have better linkage to the upper icecap, providing a direct pathway for frequent large avalanches.
In the companion paper we showed that the supercritical distribution (without the presence of external input) had an increased number of large avalanches compared with the distribution for the system at criticality.
This period of heavy snowfall was accompanied by stormy winds and an extensive drifting of fresh snow, especially to steep slopes near ridges, which in turn increased the probability of large avalanches (BAFU 1999).
At least 300 years ago a series of large avalanches, possibly triggered by steam explosions, occurred on the north side of the Crags.
The results are not a simple effect of firing rate normalization owing to our binning procedure: the size distributions are heavy-tailed, in the sense that large avalanches occur more frequently than would be observed for spike trains with identical mean firing rates but uncorrelated (see surrogated data in Figs. 3a, S3 and S4).
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Without additional survival gear, 50% of the avalanche victims that are buried in a large avalanche suffocate within 20 minutes".
Dramatic glacier collapses like this are exceedingly rare – the only known ice avalanche of comparable size was the 2002 Kolka glacier event in the Caucasus mountains – and yet, just two months later on 21 September, a neighbouring Tibetan glacier also imploded, generating a similarly large avalanche deposit, but thankfully no casualties this time.
In contrast, no significant correlations were found between monthly temperature variations and years with large avalanche activity on the slope.
The large, avalanche-dominated fans thicken rapidly from an overabundance of snow/ice supply to the point where they become hybrid fan-glaciers.
Superposed Epoch Analysis indicated that total monthly precipitation during the three snowiest months from May to October of 1971, 1995 and 1998 (years for which climatic data exists for validation) was significantly greater than for years without large avalanche activity.
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