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Languages spread along lines of communication: they followed trade as specialists offered their finest pots or their best axes for sale to their neighbours.
Their Quechuan languages spread beyond their original homeland in the southern Peruvian highlands and resulted in the extinction or reduction of many other Indian tongues.
But just as importantly, the thematic groupings remind us of something else: that in Africa, with almost 1 billion people speaking more than 1,000 languages spread across 57 countries, culture and art differ from place to place.
Once the original PIE speakers began to sweep out of the steppes about 4500 years ago, their languages spread and diversified, Garrett's team says.
This "express train" picture fit with linguists' models, in which Austronesian languages spread from East Asia into Oceania and were distinct from Papuan languages in Melanesia. .
That's the finding of a new study, which concludes that both people and languages spread out from an African homeland by a similar process and that language may have been the cultural innovation that fueled our ancestors' momentous migrations.
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The Portuguese language spread extensively, and the upper classes quickly gained proficiency in it.
In addition to being used in Phoenicia, the language spread to many of its colonies.
But here we see a rare case of the opposite problem: the Arabic language, spread over more than 20 countries, has too many armies and navies.Addendum: Even more than usual, I encourage readers to scan the comments below.
Observed from the colonial and new-colonial history of English language spread and English language education promotion, English has a potential and inevitable problem of being a "Trojan horse".
Turkic culture and language spread into Central Asia, as did artistic and political influences from the Tang Dynasty.
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