"Vocabulary shifts all the time; vowel sounds change and in conditions of isolation, languages diverge," says Foley. "Beyond 8,000 years ago the divergence is so great that you can't pick out the cognates - the related words.
Because of the great distances between the various groups, the dialects of both languages show considerable divergence.
However, their languages show sufficient divergence from the main Muskogean languages and from each other to warrant semi-independent status as linguistic isolates.
While both are clearly involved (and likely confounding) at some level, not until more reliable language distance estimates are generated can the relative contributions of geography and language to genetic divergence amongst these West Central African populations be assessed.
Drawing insights from speech accommodation theory and inferiority complex, this study uses between subject experimental design to explore conditions under which language convergence and divergence are effective ways to build rapport.
Dauvrin et al. [ 31] reported that providers in accident and emergency (A&E) departments, where treatment was more direct, were far less affected by language and cultural divergence than those in mental health and primary health care clinics, where care was expected to be more holistic.
Further, a surprising amount of the overall lexical divergence among languages was attributable to punctuational effects: 31% of the vocabulary differences among Bantu languages occurred at splitting events, 21% in Indo-European languages and 10% in Austronesian.
Grammatical divergence between languages has been typically attributed to drift as a population speaking an ancestral Germanic language splits into separate groups, their language gradually diverges with one branch becoming English and the other German [13].
The concept of VIST variation, inheritance, selection, and time can help us understand long-term change in many different situations: from the shift in body size in a population of heavily netted fish to the divergence of languages.
In this paper, we introduce these operators and define for the extended language a failure-divergence (FD) semantics to allow reasoning about non-determinism, deadlock and livelock.
