Similarly, music and language conferred benefits for some working memory tasks, but musicians had better performance across tasks (Bidelman, Hutka, & Moreno, 2013; Fiveash & Pammer, 2014).
Competence is what knowing a language confers: a tacit grasp of the structural properties of all the sentences of a language.
While such skepticism is understandable, it may underplay the significance of, for example, Xi Jinping's apparent desire to raise the status of the PRC Constitution, which is full of highly suggestive language conferring liberal rights to all citizens.
It's gallows humor, wartime humor that tacitly acknowledges the prevalence of pain and posits that, in times of tragedy, the inventive and interesting use of language can confer a kind of sanity.
Put like that, the logic is obvious: of course a language that confers masculinity on a pine tree but femininity on a palm would be able to play with imagery that might make no sense in translation to a language that did not.
There is a common misconception that knowledge of a second language automatically confers the ability to translate out of and into it; translators have only to find one-to-one sets of verbal correspondence, consulting suitable dictionaries when they encounter unknown terms.
Expressive language deficits conferred a significant increase in risk (medium effects) for both SSD and AP in one birth cohort [ 13], while speech problems were antecedent only to SSD and not AP in the other birth cohort [ 111].
Presumably, these beautiful and ancient languages are meant to confer on their hosts an air of profundity, but in the execution they just come off as a shallow, fashionable pose.
Although several studies report no significant findings, problems with language expression appear to confer medium to large magnitude effect sizes for increased risk of both SSD and AP, whereas receptive language deficits and speech problems may be antecedent only to SSD.
Accordingly, the most likely processing benefit that formulaic sequences confer on a language learner is that particular formulaic sequences may be encountered often enough that the associations between the component words become so strong that, on meeting or recalling part of the string, the language learner will recall the rest (Boers & Lindstromberg, 2012).
