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Whether this co-morbidity is due to the functional links between speech and language networks, or to widespread damage affecting both motor and language tracts, remains unknown.
More specifically, patients with tumours located in the proximity of subcortical language tracts, such as the uncinate fasciculus, were more at risk for postoperative language disturbances [ 4, 50], in contrast to patients with tumours nearby the arcuate fasciculus (AF) [ 73].
Whether the co-morbidity between dysarthria and language impairments is due to the functional links between speech and language networks, or to widespread injury affecting both motor and language tracts, remains unknown.
More recent studies suggest that subtle microstructural asymmetries of white matter language tracts (Powell et al., 2006) and grey matter density (Dorsaint-Pierre et al., 2006; Labudda et al., 2012) could reflect experience-dependent plasticity associated with language reorganization.
Here we examined whether co-morbid speech motor and language deficits after TBI are due to the functional links between speech and language networks, or to widespread damage affecting both motor and language tracts.
Co-morbid speech motor and language deficits after TBI appeared to be a result of widespread damage affecting both motor (corticobulbar and corticospinal) and language tracts in this group.
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An expansion of the arcuate fasciculus (AF), the dorsal language tract, in the human lineage involving left lateralization is considered canonical, but this hypothesis has not been tested in relation to other architectural adaptations in the human brain.
The AF is considered a major language tract, and studies of healthy adults have demonstrated a relationship between its symmetry and performance on a word list recall task (Catani et al., 2007).
One study showed the importance of identifying a subcortical language tract that is associated with postoperative language deficits [ 4], another study revealed the relationship between a relapse in naming and temporal and frontal tumours, and a decrease in attentional matrices in patients harbouring frontal tumours [ 49].
Studies have found the arcuate fasciculus (AF), a major dorsal language tract, to be composed of two parallel pathways, including a 'direct' connection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas (corresponding to classical conceptualizations of the AF), and an 'indirect' connection between the two regions mediated via the inferior parietal cortex (Catani et al., 2005; Catani et al., 2007).
This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of diffusion tensor-based arcuate fasciculus (AF) fibre navigation in combination with 1.5-Tesla (1.5-T) intraoperative MRI (iMRI) for the resection of gliomas involving eloquent language fibre tracts (AF tracts).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com