The forced removal of communities from their land, the systematic denial of culture and language, the suppression of political and human rights, and the forced removal of children, have all contributed to an environment of poor mental health compounded by ongoing social and economic disadvantage [ 34].
Until recently, researchers thought the bilingual advantage stemmed primarily from an ability for inhibition that was honed by the exercise of suppressing one language system: this suppression, it was thought, would help train the bilingual mind to ignore distractions in other contexts.
The language of wildfire suppression is usually bureaucratic, but what happened in the Cascades was called burnover, which is no euphemism.
While article VIII of Guadalupe Hidalgo guarantees the rights of formerly Mexican citizens, the pattern of subsequent land cessions, language and cultural suppression, racially inspired violence, economic exploitation and social injustice is made manifest in the second-class citizenship to which these same and new Mexican migrants, including my parents, were subjected.
Czech music came into being as a revolt against the suppression of language.
Andrew Lih, a Chinese-American in Beijing researching a book about Wikipedia, reported on his blog, www.andrewlih.com/blog, that he could get access to many controversial subjects, but could not read the English-language article about the suppression of the pro-democracy movement in Tiananmen Square in 1989.
The number of speakers was further reduced by the official suppression of the language in the Soviet Union, by the antagonism of early Israeli authorities zealously guarding modern Hebrew, and by massive voluntary shifts to other primary languages in Western countries.
It was mainly thanks to this single book that the Czech literary language was preserved during its suppression for two centuries until it was resuscitated during the national revival.
Midway through our interview, James Kelman is relaxing into an acutely knowledgable exposition of 19th‑century land clearances across the north-west of Scotland, and the resulting suppression of local language and culture, when it strikes me that the role of schoolmaster suits him far better than that of guarded, watchful subject.
If Kanai seems to represent the commodification of Indian languages, Piya stands for their suppression.
