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Table 1 provides summary statistics by language proficiency level.
Their language proficiency level was determined through the scores they obtained on university entrance exam.
The test was used in order to check the participants' general language proficiency level.
Different factors such as cultural background, educational system, learners' language proficiency level, and teachers' assessment literacy are pivotal in doing these assessment types.
The second aspect of their study focused on discovering how PVT occurs for three different groups of Spanish speakers: native speakers with a high degree of proficiency in English and two groups of American university students, one at advanced language proficiency level and one at intermediate language proficiency level.
Based on the researcher's assumption that the threshold language proficiency level for effective GM use is the intermediate level, the language development of 14 students has been tracked at intermediate, high intermediate and advanced levels.
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The performance of language learners at different language proficiency levels has been depicted in Fig. 1.
The Chi-square test showed no significant difference among learners from different language proficiency levels.
It is suggested that interested researchers investigate the degree of success of students in other language contexts, language proficiency levels, and language skills.
The researcher followed the course of the participants refusal productions with regular intervals for an eight-month-period during which the participants were trained at four sequential language proficiency levels from starter to intermediate.
Then, the t-tests for homogeneity were run to compare the Babel Test scores for the experimental and control groups in order to check the students' language proficiency levels.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com