According to the bilingual cognitive advantage hypothesis, increased language proficiency should lead to enhanced cognitive control abilities (Bialystok, Craik & Ruocco, 2006; Linck, Hoshino & Kroll, 2008).
If we accept that language proficiency would have conferred a reproductive advantage for ancestral humans (Pinker 2003), then it is hard to explain the persistence of common heritable language impairments in terms of a single gene of large effect.
And when English Language learners are pulled, the charter school proficiency advantage narrows to 4 points (47 percent vs. 51percentt).
A couple that is similarly matched on human capital variables like education or language proficiency is unlikely to have differing comparative advantages.
These results support the bilingual cognitive advantage hypothesis, highlighting its sensitivity to language proficiency and effects of language immersion.
Economics knowledge, analytical abilities, regional expertise, diplomatic skills, language proficiency and the capacity to apply theory to real-world problems give students a distinct professional advantage.
Their knowledge of economics, analytical abilities, regional expertise, diplomatic skills, international experience, language proficiency, as well as capacity to apply theory to real-world problems, give students a distinct professional advantage.
We find support for a convergence of advantages hypothesis and only partial support (among Hispanic noncitizens and Hispanics with limited English language proficiency) for a rising disadvantages hypothesis.
Demonstrated language proficiency.
Language proficiency is required.
Evidence of English language proficiency.
