All children had to have average scores on receptive vocabulary and nonverbal reasoning, so that differences in speech perception could not be attributable to general language problems or low nonverbal intelligence.
While surgery related stress may interfere with the patient's ability to concentrate on instructions, language difficulty or low health literacy may also impede appropriate doctor/patient communication.
In many trials, these tests were used to compare autistic children with control children that had low language abilities or low IQ levels (Leslie and Frith, 1988; Perner et al., 1989).
In addition, these instruments generally exclude patients who do not read the dominant local language or have low vision or other physical limitations that affect reading.
Graphic representations were used so that this measure would be more accessible to respondents who do not speak English as a first language or have low literacy skills.
Two factors complicate the debate on cerebral organization in bilingual people: first, the time of acquisition of the native and the second languages (early or late bilingual), and second, the degree of fluency in these languages (high or low proficiency).
This approach obscures proficiency differences between languages within individuals and the small sample size did not allow us to differentiate groups of across-language high or low proficiency.
Parents were asked if their child had received help from any of a list of seven development support services: speech and language services; blind or low vision services; occupational of physical therapy; hearing services; programmes/ services for behavioural issues; programmes/ services for developmental issues; or mental health programmes/services.
The predisposing characteristics investigated here were age and marital status (married or other), employment status (employed or unemployed), status of education completed (high or low), language preferred for reading (English or both Arabic and English or Arabic and other languages), living conditions (uncrowded, crowded housing).
Differences in brainstem evoked potentials between groups with relatively high or low language skills have been attributed to the inferior colliculus (IC) [23, 24].
