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These survey instruments were based upon two validated scales for measuring motivation (with language modifications) and have established face validity; however, language has been altered and reorganized.
Minor language modifications were made to account for small idiom differences between Vietnamese-immigrants and their compatriots living in the Mekong Delta [ 7].
Step 3 included slight language modifications of the collected questions in order to reflect military terminology and to qualify for use in military operational settings.
While broadly satisfied with the content and length, they raised a number of important issues, such as their concern about the 5 year-olds' concept of time and the usefulness of prompt cards, and suggested language modifications in order to make it more relevant for the local dialect (Table 1).
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Other groups have reported validation or language modification of questionnaires used in FASD diagnosis.
We also thank James Ogutu for the language modification of this article.
In particular, clarification and increased reading ease of directions, addition of a combined pictorial scale and Likert scale, language modification, and changes in instrument layout were all developed from the cognitive interviews.
Unambiguous language prohibiting modifications was less commonly employed on the five listservs I examined.
We assessed the translatability of the PROs into three distinct languages; if it becomes necessary to translate the PROs in to other languages, further modifications may be required to ensure conceptual equivalence.
The authors of this article introduce language-simplifying modifications to the items in the original CCQ for this assessment procedure to be used with a wide range of nonprofessional observers (e.g., parents with little formal education).
The most famous portion of the paper, however, is a humorous footnote he included in the introduction: Unwary readers should take warning that ordinary language undergoes modification to a high-pressure form when applied to the interior of the Earth.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com