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Misuse of English conjunction related to incoherent writing, according to the literature, comes from learners' first language interference, improper mechanical exercises, and misleading lists of connectors in textbooks demonstrated as if mutually interchangeable without contextual constraints.
Results suggest that monolinguals may rely on different memory systems to process a newly-learned second language, and that the second language system is sensitive to native language interference.
Likewise, the differences seen here between monolinguals and bilinguals could be explained in terms of language interference.
Rodriguez-Fornells et al. (2005) used a go/no-go task with monolinguals and bilinguals and explicitly manipulated language interference.
However, language interference at the behavioral level is only observed when nontarget language information leads to conflicts at the response level.
For example, in language switching tasks language interference does occur (Hernandez et al. 2000, 2001), because both languages are required for the task.
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These areas, therefore, show cross-language interference in the case of a response-based conflict.
Factors such as mental fatigue and stress have a negative impact on the speaker's control ability [ 39] so that cross-language interference is increased.
To this end we assessed individual differences in rates of cross-language interference, reflecting language control problems, and thus included both switches to the "wrong" target language as well as failures to switch to the "correct" target language.
In a bilingual interview (target language alternation every 5 min, lasting 30 min) with the same subjects the switchers produced significantly more errors of cross-language interference in both languages than the non-switchers.
This group division was made based on their performance (i.e., the number of cross-language interference) in a bilingual picture naming task in which we employed the alternating-runs paradigm [ 45].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com