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The language instrument consisted of two components: the paper translation instrument and the CD audio guide.
The present study exposes a factor analysis and preliminary validation of a French language instrument specifically designed to measure mental health professionals' attitudes toward patients with BPD.
Similar to the process of reduplication in language, instrument players first developed repetition and then arrangement.
New items were also added to the target language instrument.
The validation process is described for a Burmese and Karen language instrument.
Therefore, it was decided to retain the item in the instrument to ensure consistency with the original English language instrument.
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Known-groups validation was assessed in both language instruments separately.
Details of training, translation and validation of the local language instruments are elsewhere described [ 33].
Translating English language instruments to Chinese language versions can be problematic in terms of establishing cultural and semantic equivalence [ 36, 37].
Kukava's [14] Georgian-language instrument, applying multiple questionnaires in sequence for MIG, TTH and cluster headache, achieved still lower specificity (0.86) but higher sensitivity (0.79) for TTH.
The original TSK-TMD is an English-language instrument, developed by Visscher et al. in the Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), The Netherlands [18].
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