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Each mother was interviewed by one of the researchers (KAO and IOS) or the research assistant, after the contents of the questionnaire had been explained to them in the native language (illiterate parents) or English (literate parents).
Patients with health conditions that made them impossible to fill the scale without any help, with limited knowledge of the Portuguese language, illiterate, or under pharmacological treatment that interfere with their ability to understand and answer the questions, were excluded.
Each participant was interviewed by either one of the researchers (MA) or research assistants (specifically employed and trained for the study), after the contents of the questionnaire had been explained to them in their native language (illiterate participants) or English (literate participants).
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A detailed description of the study was provided in the native language for illiterate individuals and for both studies different questionnaires were conducted.
It is, moreover, a total fallacy to suppose that the languages of illiterate peoples are less structured, less rich in vocabulary, and less efficient than the languages of literate civilizations.
These missions brought written language to an illiterate population of Europe during the Dark Ages that followed the fall of Rome, earning Ireland the sobriquet, "the island of saints and scholars".
For example, you read a short little tweet, of a few impenetrable words and signs, with no capital letters and no punctuation, something about nothing written in illiterate language.
Congress also enacted a bilingual election requirement in Section 203, which requires election officials in certain jurisdictions with large numbers of English-illiterate language minorities to provide ballots and voting information in the language of the language-minority group.
Caregivers unable to read four short sentences in the local language were classified as illiterate.
Though most participants interviewed reported literacy with the local language, those who were illiterate also expressed interest in receiving SMS messages, stating they could identify a literate person to communicate the messages.
You will never progress very far in your target language if you are illiterate, so this should be the first thing on your list.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com