Using joints on the surface of the body as the primary landmarks, the length and width of every body part is measured by such proportions.
For the dentary, we used the inter-landmark distance to obtain a linear measure of length.
When comparing the extreme positive and negative values for each relative warp with the consensus shape, much of the variation is captured as differences in (1) rear body length (landmarks 4, 5, 10, and 11); (2) caudal peduncle length and depth (landmarks 5 10); (3) dorsal-ventral body depth (landmarks 3, 4, 10, and 11); and (4) head and snout morphology (landmarks 1, 2, 12, and 13).
Based on a postwar manga by the legendary comic-book artist Osamu Tezuka and directed by Rintaro from a screenplay by Katsuhiro Otomo (whose "Akira" is a landmark of feature-length anime), the film combines the latest digital technology with traditional painted-cel techniques.
Between sips of red wine, he tossed around hundreds of light-years and billions of degrees, and described chimerical landmarks — the Planck length, the Dirac sea, the Einstein-Rosen bridge — as though they were stops along one of the Métro lines.
Anatomic landmarks indicating the length, width, height and the angle of both the deformed mandible and the reconstructive mandible were measured [Fig. 5].
To determine whether the observed male wing shape changes derive from uniform changes or localized changes in size and shape, we divided forewings into sections using landmarks along the length (A-P) and width (P-D) axes (Fig. 2A).
When comparing the extreme positive and negative values of a warp with the consensus shape, variation in RelW2 RelW6 can largely be described as variation in dorsal-ventral body depth (landmarks 3, 4, and 11), caudal peduncle length and depth (landmarks 4 11), and head morphology (landmarks 1, 2, 11, 12, and 13).
Using tpsUtil [ 48] the outline was converted to 75 semi-landmarks, separated by equal length, enabling further analyses.
18 20 These methods were limited by relatively poor measurement accuracy due to subjectivity of locating landmarks and by the length of time needed to collect the data.
