This practice resulted in soil impoverishment and erosion.
Despite the different age, until the outbreak of World War II both villages followed similar stages of development: clearings, increase in area, increase of population density and anthropopressure, land partitioning, impoverishment of inhabitants.
During the 1960s and 1970s, many of these large-scale road, dam, mining and agricultural schemes were supported by transnational agencies such as the World Bank whose mega-projects caused resettlement, land loss, impoverishment and increased vulnerability of indigenous peoples (Davis, 1973; López, 1992; Gray, 1998a).
The first part of this period saw strong degradation, caused by a combination of drought, impoverishment, poor land husbandry and war; but over the whole period intense rehabilitation activities have been high on the agenda.
For one thing, livestock is insurance against impoverishment, since the land on which the animals graze is commonly held, and in bad times they can always be eaten.
In addition, Drinkwater (1989) investigated technical development and peasant impoverishment according to land use policy in Zimbabwe's Midlands Province.
The wars and usurpations, enslavements and empires, the amassing of gold and land by some and the impoverishment of others.
The Zapatistas argued that NAFTA and land reform would lead to further impoverishment of the Indians.
Colonialism - a tale of slavery, plunder, war, corruption, land-grabbing, famines, exploitation, indentured labour, impoverishment, massacres, genocide and forced resettlement - is rewritten into a benign developmental mission marred by a few unfortunate accidents and excesses.
A 47 year old woman in Ongako camp noted the effect of impoverishment, lack of access to land and food upon her health: "I feel sick all the time with pain.
