After evaluating seven factors expected to affect soil biodiversity (land-use change, organic carbon loss, agriculture/land-use intensity, soil erosion, soil compaction and sealing, soil pollution and soil acidification), we quantified and mapped the composite threats to soil biodiversity in Nanjing using a weighted sum method.
On top of this, growing Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus camaldulensis on grazing land reduces the availability and quality of forage for livestock due to soil acidification, nutrient depletion, and allelopathic effect (Liang et al. 2016).
In addition, polluted air results in resource depletion: soil acidification from acid rain reduces the amount of China's arable land and crop productivity; mercury emitted by coal combustion enters the water systems, contaminating water and affecting fish, rice, vegetables and fruits; and airborne pollutants kill off trees and forests.
Terrestrial acidification/nitrification: Land-based acidification and nitrification are stated in equivalent mass of sulfur dioxide (SO2) released into the air.
They introduced a number of tasks under discussion for the next phases of the following areas of science: the global nitrogen cycle, ocean acidification, land-use and land-cover change, ESMs of intermediate complexity, climate geoengineering, ocean CO2 uptake, and deposition of bioavailable iron in marine ecosystems.
This has led to a range of natural-resource management problems, including soil and water erosion, sedimentation, acidification, dry-land salinity and loss of plant and animal diversity.
However, soil nutrient and organic matter depletion, acidification and soil erosion losses as result of inappropriate land use practices have become major cause of concern for agricultural soils in the Ethiopian highlands (Elias 2002; IFPRI 2010).
Third, energy is not the only limit we have to contend with; research by the Stockholm Resilience Centre suggests we have exceeded, or are on course to exceed, safe levels relating to the nitrogen cycle, biodiversity, climate change, ocean acidification, freshwater use, land system change, aerosol loading and chemical pollution.
Next a Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) was done, in which the inventory data are aggregated into indicators for environmental effects, which included resource depletion, land use, climate change, toxicity, acidification, and eutrophication.
The processes were ozone depletion, biodiversity loss, chemical pollution, climate change, ocean acidification, freshwater composition, land systems change, nitrogen and phosphorous flows, and atmospheric aerosol loading.
