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The analysis revealed that an optimum in oxalic acid degradation is observed when the TiO2 concentration was controlled in the 20 40 mg L−1 range (depending on lamp irradiance).
Investigated variables included: TiO2 concentration (5 400 mg L−1), initial oxalic acid concentration (0.9 32 mg L−1), lamp irradiance (100 10,000 W m−2), background fluid absorbance (0-30 m−1), reactor size (1/4-4 as relative scaling factor), lamp orientation 0-360° 0-360°flowrand (2.5–10 m3 h−1).
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The mixture was irradiated by the UV lamp with an irradiance of 1.1 mW/cm2.
The cultures were illuminated continuously with warm white fluorescent lamps providing the irradiance of 40 42 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density and stirred by shaking two times a day.
Sliney (1984) calculated that for the same lamp brightness, the retinal irradiance in the rat eye would be at least 60% greater than experienced in the human retina.
Photoactivation of accumulated fullerene C60 was done by probe irradiation in microplates with light-emitting diode lamp (LED) (420 70 nm light, irradiance 100 mW cm−2).
They used an UV lamp with a significantly higher irradiance, ∼23 times higher than ours, and tested the material towards the degradation of phenols.
Hydrogen production with NIR light source was only 58% of hydrogen obtained with an incandescent lamp used at the same irradiance.
The mixture was irradiated by an UV lamp (350 to 400 nm wavelength range) with an irradiance of 1.1 mwhich (which simulates the UV irradiance of the sun on the Earth).
The irradiance of all lamps was checked before each experiment using a calibrated photoradiometer.
R. sphaeroides KD131 was pre-cultured in a modified Sistrom's broth [ 30] containing 4 mM (NH4 2SO4, 0.3 mM L-aspartic acid, and 20 mM lactate at 30°C for 24 h under 110 W/m irradiance using halogen lamps (12 V, 50 W).
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