The largely endemic cichlid species flocks of the East African Great Lakes represent one of the most outstanding examples of explosive speciation and adaptive radiation (Fryer & Iles, 1972; Salzburger,2009; Sturmbauer et al., 2011).
These lakes represented a wide range of metal contamination, pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and alkalinity.
Rivers, streams and lakes represented divinities, religion, and civilization.
Hydrogeochemical characteristics and assessment of water quality investigations have been carried out at Abha, located in Saudi Arabia, where Al-Saad Lake represents a rare example of natural endorheic lake.
Plant macrofossils in sediments of small lakes generally represent trees growing within 10-101 meters of the lake margin [ 17, 58].
Haplochromines furthermore represent prime examples for parallel evolution, and it is particularly the lacustrine haplochromine species flocks that independently evolved morphologies and color-patterns that are convergent between species of different lakes [ 2, 17, 18].
In general, the reference lake population represented all lake populations; there were no significant differences between reference and non-reference lakes by hydromorphological and physico-chemical (alkalinity, colour) parameters.
London's boroughs represent another example.
It seems likely that the Windmill Islands represent another example where regional drying, linked to anthropogenic climate change, is associated with declining plant health and changes to species composition in terrestrial communities, as well as shifts from freshwater species (green algae and cyanobacteria) to diatoms, as nearby lakes become more saline14 (see Supplementary Fig. 1 for locations).
The African groups of lakes Victoria, Malawi and Tanganika represent a classical example of extensive and rapid radiation and therefore are highly interesting for evolutionary biology analyses [ 16].
The Daphnia hosts in these lakes are represented almost exclusively by members of the D. longispina complex [ 29, 34].
