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If the lag-alone segment is crucial for the localization of the lag source, did we render the owl "unaware" of the lagging source when we removed the lag-alone segment?
Responses evoked during the lag-alone and superposed segments are plotted against delay in Figure 3 (red, filled, markers) to determine, quantitatively, which segment best accounts for the recovery to the lag source.
Viewed in this way, the weaker representation of the lag source need not be attributed to a lateral inhibition-like process [11], [38], although such a process is not excluded.
As shown in Figure 3B, the lag source does, in fact, still evoke a response during the superposed segment, and this response may provide the basis for an "awareness" of a reflection, without the need for a specialized circuit.
Defined as the delay at which the lag source begins to influence the owl's behavior [9], [27], and given the delays tested, we can therefore say that the echo-threshold was between 6 and 12 ms, a range consistent with earlier studies [9], [12], [27], [28].
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Unlike in this previous study, saccades to lag sources were comparable in error to those of leading and single sources for lag-alone segments of 12 and 24 ms. Errors in trials with shorter lag-alone segments (<3 ms) were larger, but because there were few lag-directed turns (due to localization dominance), this observation must be viewed with caution.
Seasonal patterns of associations, lags, source types, and %ER are summarized for CVD mortality and hospitalizations in Supplemental Material, Table 2 (doi:10.1289/ehp.1002667).
Correspondingly, space map neurons respond weakly to lagging sources at delays less than ∼10 ms, but the responses increase for longer delays [12], [17].
One possible scenario is that the ratio with which saccades are lead- or lag-directed (Nlag/Nlead) is proportional to the ratio of the neural responses to the leading and lagging sources respectively (Rlag/Rlead).
As is commonly done in human lateralization studies [e.g.], [ 34], [35] [37], we determined the proportion of saccades toward the leading and lagging sources while manipulating the lag-alone segment independently of the delay (lead-alone segment).
But military cooperation has lagged, a source of frustration for Pentagon officials.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com