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By doubling the time lag, migration across boundary increased twice as much and the final production doubled for the leading country.
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The second issue is the risk of omitted variable bias, which may still be present if district-level determinants of migration are persistent in time, even though we use lagged migration rates as regressor and future departures as dependent variable.
Second, metropolitan areas are only identified in the IPUMS Census samples if they are sufficiently populous to meet confidentiality requirements, so using earlier settlement patterns reduces the number of areas that can be matched to lagged migration.
The estimated coefficient of the lagged dependent variable is highly significant, but it is well-established that the FD estimator does not yield a consistent estimate of a dynamic specification in a setting of (at most) twelve time periods, which is why we do not attach an economic interpretation to the coefficient of the lagged migration flows.
As usual in dynamic panel data, this equation cannot be estimated by calling on a within estimator since the demeaned lagged migration rate m it − 1 − m ¯ i is not independent of the demeaned error term ε it − 1 − ε ¯ i, where m ¯ i and ε ¯ i are the time average of respectively the migration rate and the error term.
For correlation of lag screw migration in surrogate specimens to that in native bone, six human cadaveric specimens were subjected to BRM loading.
In another six cases, the assessment of the lag screw migration was not possible because of insufficient quality of radiographs.
Finally, the significant negative impact of the lagged net-migration rate suggests that immigration to the EU-14 varies around a stable level.
In column 3, we in turn add the first lag of the migration flows as an independent variable in order to control for possible short-run migration dynamics and partial adjustment effects.
Column (3) estimates the model in first differences using the first lag of the migration flows as dependent variable.
Migration lag is a serious potential limitation for tree species under both ongoing and expected future climate change (Zhu et al. 2012, Corlett and Westcott 2013; Travis et al. 2013).
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