Used and loved by millions
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com
lacuna which
Grammar usage guide and real-world examplesUSAGE SUMMARY
The phrase "lacuna which" is not correct and does not form a usable expression in written English.
It seems to be an incomplete thought and lacks clarity without additional context. Example: "The study revealed a lacuna which needs further investigation."
⚠ May contain grammatical issues
Science
News & Media
Encyclopedias
Alternative expressions(3)
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Human-verified examples from authoritative sources
Exact Expressions
9 human-written examples
Kingsolver's latest, "The Lacuna," which won the 2010 Orange Prize, seems another likely candidate.
News & Media
It occupies a small chamber called a lacuna, which is contained in the calcified matrix of bone.
Encyclopedias
Barbara Kingsolver is the author of thirteen books of fiction, poetry and non-fiction, including The Bean Trees and The Lacuna, which won the 2010 Orange Prize for Fiction.
News & Media
The other two are Moore and Kingsolver, the latter nominated for her sixth novel, The Lacuna, which moves between 1920s Mexico and the story of artists such as Frida Kahlo, and the US, focusing on the McCarthyite witch-hunts of artists.
News & Media
Clementine has had him erased from her memory by an experimental hi-tech firm wittily called Lacuna, which, despite the sensational service it offers, operates out of a bizarrely down-at-heel office almost as tatty as the one which had the portal into Malkovich's brain.
News & Media
Expression of adequate adhesion proteins is important for cells to attach in cartilage lacuna, which is necessary for stable synthesis and secretion of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins.
Science
Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources
Similar Expressions
51 human-written examples
It is rather a natural consequence of the existence of lacunae, which is a fundamental property of the corresponding solutions.
Bone cells basically lay in lacunae, which is an arrangement of cavities contained in a mutual border connecting laminae in both haversian and laminar bone and from which expand several fine canals called canaliculi.
Additionally, a few resorption lacunae which are connected with an early stage of osteoporosis were identified in these individuals.
Our findings also suggest that expression of NPP1by osteocytes may be important in preventing the over-mineralisation of their lacunae (which could potentially compromise osteocyte function or survival).
Science
Furthermore, the size of empty lacunae, which presumably contained an actively resorbing osteocyte for a longer period of time prior to cell death, were a significant 26% larger.
Expert writing Tips
Best practice
When referring to lacunae (plural), use "lacunae that" for grammatical correctness.
Common error
Avoid using "lacuna which" as it is not grammatically sound. Instead, use "lacuna that" or rephrase the sentence to use a more common word like "gap" or "absence" for better clarity and accuracy.
Source & Trust
81%
Authority and reliability
3.2/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested
Linguistic Context
The phrase "lacuna which" functions as part of a relative clause, attempting to provide additional information about the noun "lacuna". However, it is generally considered grammatically incorrect. Ludwig AI confirms the grammatical issue.
Frequent in
Science
60%
News & Media
20%
Encyclopedias
20%
Less common in
Formal & Business
0%
Wiki
0%
Reference
0%
Ludwig's WRAP-UP
In summary, the phrase "lacuna which" attempts to function as a relative clause specifying a gap or missing element. However, it is grammatically incorrect; "lacuna that" or rephrasing using simpler terms is preferred. As Ludwig AI points out, "lacuna which" does not form a usable expression in written English, and suggests using alternatives such as "gap that" or "void which". Although the term "lacuna" often appears in formal and scientific contexts, the incorrect usage undermines clarity. Always opt for grammatically correct alternatives to ensure effective communication.
More alternative expressions(6)
Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:
gap that
Replaces "lacuna" with a more common word for a missing element or space, resulting in a more straightforward and grammatically sound phrase.
deficiency that
Emphasizes the lack of something necessary or complete, offering a more specific meaning than "lacuna" with improved clarity.
shortcoming that
Highlights a fault or weakness, making the sentence more direct and easier to understand.
omission that
Focuses on something that has been left out or excluded, providing a clear and accessible alternative.
absence that
Simply states the lack of something, creating a more concise and easily understood construction.
void that
Implies an emptiness or lack of substance, offering a slightly more figurative alternative.
hole that
Suggests a gap or break in something, providing a more visual and easily grasped image.
inadequacy that
Highlights the insufficient nature of something, adding a more evaluative tone.
fault that
Focuses on a defect or error, making the sentence more critical and precise.
flaw that
Emphasizes an imperfection or blemish, providing a more nuanced and descriptive alternative.
FAQs
How can I use the term "lacuna" correctly in a sentence?
Use "lacuna" to refer to a gap or missing part. For example, "There is a significant lacuna in our data." Avoid using the grammatically incorrect phrase "lacuna which"; instead, use "lacuna that" or rephrase with a more common word.
What's a good substitute for "lacuna which"?
Instead of "lacuna which", use alternatives like "gap that", "absence that", or "void that" for better grammatical correctness and clarity.
Is it correct to say "lacuna which"?
No, "lacuna which" is grammatically incorrect. A better alternative is to use "lacuna that" or to rephrase using a more common term such as "gap that".
How does the meaning change if I use "lacuna that" instead of "lacuna which"?
While both aim to connect a "lacuna" to additional information, "lacuna that" is grammatically correct, whereas "lacuna which" is not. Using alternatives like "gap that" provides better clarity and correctness.
Editing plus AI, all in one place.
Stop switching between tools. Your AI writing partner for everything—polishing proposals, crafting emails, finding the right tone.
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Source & Trust
81%
Authority and reliability
3.2/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested