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Adult females may require more food than adult males since the energy cost of reproduction for female mammals (gestation, lactation, offspring rearing) is higher than that for males (mate acquisition and resource defence; [18]).
In dams fed a cafeteria diet (palatable processed food with high fat and high sugar) during gestation lactation, offspring displayed increased adiposity at weaning, reduced muscle cross-sectional area, fewer muscle fibres, muscle atrophy, and fibre hypoplasia [ 106].
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A study led by Cawthorne's associate Claire Stocker found that rat mothers given leptin during pregnancy and lactation produced offspring that were resistant to obesity.
We determined the potential programming effects of maternal obesity and high-fat (HF) diet during pregnancy and/or lactation on offspring metabolic syndrome.
The mouse study presented here was initiated to determine the short- and long-term effects of a maternal high-protein diet in pregnancy or lactation on offspring's body weight, fat accumulation and cardiovascular parameters after weaning.
The experiment 2 was performed in order to study the impact of high fat diet (HF) during pregnancy and lactation on offspring when swithched to a high palatable diet (P) at the adulthood.
After 2 weeks of lactation, the offspring were sacrificed by heart puncture under isoflurane anaesthesia.
If magnesium deficiency was introduced during lactation, the offspring had low serum and carcass magnesium values.
This study showed no evidence that maternal protein-energy supplementation during pregnancy compared with supplementation during lactation affected offspring cognitive ability or school performance in rural Gambia.
Dam weights were monitored frequently throughout pregnancy and lactation, and offspring weights were recorded during the first post-natal month and again in adulthood.
These findings reveal that excessive doses of fish oil during pregnancy and lactation prime offspring to harbor intestinal pathobionts that could contribute to altered susceptibility to colitis later in life.
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