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The vertical axis represents the relative fraction of 13C-labeled metabolites, which was calculated as follow as: m 1/ ∑ i = 0 n m i, where m 1 and m i are the corrected intensities and n is the number of carbon atoms in metabolites (n = 3 in the case of lactate, for example).
Plasma lactate for example began to increase in two horses (C11 and C19) during the last hours before euthanasia, indicating a deteriorating condition.
Returning to the rumen, bacteria that utilize lactate for example play a key role in stabilizing the community by preventing the drop in pH that results from lactate accumulation.
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The increased activity of lactate dehydrogenase, for example, can be explained by a compensatory high catalytic rate (Fields and Somero 1998).
A high lactate level (for example, >5 mmol/l) in patients with liver failure before the start of citrate CRRT may act as a useful marker of greater risk for citrate accumulation.
Anesthetic-induced increase in lactate concentration is commonly considered an indication of anaerobic metabolism or depressed lactate metabolism, as for example, accompanying general anesthesia.
Moreover, changes in lactate concentration over time during intervention (for example, incorrectly labeled lactate 'clearance') have been proposed as end points in sepsis resuscitation, as means of determining the adequacy of oxygen delivery, and as indicators of resolution of global tissue hypoxia.
For example, lactate is the preferred substrate for neurons and contributes to postprandial satiety.
A major challenge for in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy with point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) is the low signal intensity for the measurement of weakly scalar coupled spins, for example lactate.
For example, lactate is a common carbon and energy substrate for Shewanella that is oxidized completely under aerobic conditions and oxidized incompletely to acetate under anaerobic growth conditions.
Unfortunately, we did not measure any other indicators of tissue hypoxia, for example, lactate concentration [ 27].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com