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Although lacking consciousness and a human's intuition, Deep Blue had millions of moves memorized and could analyze as many each second.
It should be noted that while Carruthers continues to argue that only humans have consciousness, he has more recently amended his ethical view, holding that animals may deserve some moral concern despite lacking consciousness (1999).
But the more one learns about how the brain produces conscious experience and a literature is beginning to emerge (e.g., Gazzaniga, 1995)—the harder it becomes to imagine a universe consisting of creatures with brain processes like ours but lacking consciousness.
He contends that in the Zombie argument, the "exact physical duplicate" is imagined in one way, whereas the "lacking consciousness" is imagined in another: the conceiving that goes on with respect to the relevant physical features involves perceptual imagination, whereas the conceiving that goes on with respect to the relevant phenomenal features involves sympathetic imagination.
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The zombie in his band's name is a hypothetical being that philosophers like to speculate about — a creature that looks just like a human but lacks consciousness.
Kleist argued that, paradoxical as it may seem, the puppet is free in a way no human being can manage to be, precisely because it lacks consciousness; for us to achieve the gracefulness of puppets, which "only glance the ground, like elves", we should have to have "either no consciousness or an infinite amount of it": that is to say, we should have to be either a marionette or a god.
There is no analogy that the Ego can draw as it can with the Thou between itself and the external world, since that world (presumably) lacks consciousness.
In Chalmers's words, all that matters here is that when we say the system might lack consciousness, 'a meaningful possibility is being expressed, and it is an open question whether consciousness arises or not' (1996, p. 97).
Why should switching from homunculi to neurons necessarily switch on the light of consciousness? (For doubts about the assumption that it is conceivable that the homunculus-head lacks consciousness, see e.g. Loar 1990/1997, pp. 613f).
This argument, based on the alleged failure of animals to display certain intellectual capacities, is illustrative of a general pattern of using certain dissimilarities between animals and humans to argue that animals lack consciousness.
They lack consciousness and free will, and their human bodies are holographic veils.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com