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This low mortality may have resulted from a lack of predation, since tyrannosaurs surpassed all contemporaneous predators in size by the age of two.
This apparent lack of predation on individuals suggests that, brachiopods possessed excellent defensive mechanisms against predators.
This life-history strategy has probably evolved both in response to the challenges of living at sea (collecting widely scattered prey items), the frequency of breeding failures due to unfavourable marine conditions, and the relative lack of predation compared to that of land-living birds.
The lack of predation marks on Pirania specimens and the lack of Pirania spicules in the contents of guts or coprolites [ 49, 51] support this interpretation.
The high-salinity environment is hostile to many potential grazers, and the resulting lack of predation allows the microbial inhabitants of high-salt ponds to exist at high densities even with low levels of primary productivity (Oren, 2009).
Similar(54)
These include Australian Agathis robusta (C. Moore F.M. Baileyy, which is now grown more successfully outside its natural range (e.g. South Africa) than within it due to the lack of insect predation in other areas.
The frequent appearance of large and sometimes single-species colonies has be attributed to the lack of significant predation.
The lack of large-scale predation and vertical burrowing are perhaps the most significant factors limiting the ecological diversity; the emergence of these during the Early Cambrian allowed the number of lifestyles occupied to rise to 30.
That said, it is not clear how effective as a sensory tool the chaetae would have been for predators such as Ottoia and Sidneyia, and there is a distinct lack of smaller scale durophagous predation to support the construction of such elaborate chaetal structures.
Such a lack of competition and reduced predation pressure may have provided the opportunity for a flotilla of teleost invaders in the oceans.
Our conviction is based on a lack of evidence of direct predation on observed egg strings during the course of this research coupled with the unanalyzed trend for females to be present at ponds where larger numbers of males are calling.
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