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In addition, a speech in a minor language may be interpreted through a third language for lack of interpreters ("relay" interpreting) —for example, when interpreting out of Estonian into Maltese.
"[One] man was remanded on three separate occasions because of lack of interpreters.
"Even with improvement against targets, the number of court cases adjourned owing to the lack of interpreters has remained stubbornly high.
Giving evidence to the justice select committee on Tuesday, Richard Atkinson, the chairman of the Law Society's criminal law committee, said: "People are being remanded into custody for no other reason than the lack of interpreters.
Among the most common problems cited by callers were a lack of interpreters for voters speaking English as a second language, confusion around new voting rules and a failure to process registrations leading to people being turned away at the polls.
And a study based on interviews with 817 immigrant New Yorkers to be released on Wednesday describes complaints about a lack of interpreters in dealings with the Human Resources Administration, the Police Department and Department of Housing Preservation and Development, which oversees the city's affordable housing programs.
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"We heard of cases where individuals were kept on remand solely because of lack of interpreter availability and a case where the trial went ahead without an interpreter even though one had been booked," it said.
In Sweden, one study also showed that lack of interpreter use contributed to perinatal deaths occurring between 1990 and 1996 [ 10].
Exclusion criteria were patients with no verbal communication, or comatose [according to a score of −4 or less at the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS)] [ 11], learning disability, severe hearing disability, unable to speak Italian and lack of interpreter or no informed consent.
Furthermore, they explained that a lack of interpreter will often result in arranging a new consultation, which can lead to considerable frustration for the patient and the risk of misunderstandings as the patient may feel rejected in his/her initial contact with the health care services.
According to participants, even when interpreters were available, communication problems persisted due to lack of competent interpreters, patient discomfort for political or psychosocial reasons, limited-time to use the interpreter, and the difficulty in finding an interpreter with the appropriate dialect within a language, sex, or country of origin while booking an interpreter.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com