A second common feature is the division of labour or specialization within the organization.
Thus, as industry becomes more complex at each level, the division of labour and specialization become necessary.
Along with tools, a more complex brain structure, and linguistic communication, the division of labour (job specialization) may have been responsible for starting the human conquest of nature and differentiating human beings from other animal species.
In contrast, the division of labour, the specialization of narrow skills, the detailed engineering specification of how each task is to be carried out, and the assemblage of large numbers of employees in great manufacturing plants have greatly diluted the identification of employees with their productive functions and with their employers.
4. The systematic engineering and planning of the total production process permit the best balance between human effort and machinery, the most effective division of labour and specialization of skills, and the total integration of the production system to optimize productivity and minimize costs.
The emergence of dental auxiliaries may be as old as the practice of dentistry itself, but the formalization of auxiliary personnel occurred in the international context of the expansion of capitalism, the technical division of labour and specialization with the aim of the utilitarian optimization of increasing production along with a desire to lessen the work burden [ 1, 19, 20].
Increased labour supply, better specialization, improved technology, and discovery of new resources or better implementation of existing ones all can increase output and lead to economy of scale.
One highly studied component of honeybee division of labour is foraging specialization through collection of protein (pollen) or carbohydrates (nectar).
During the last century, agricultural engineering has effected major changes in agriculture with regard to labour productivity and specialization in the different sectors of plant production and livestock production.
In 1776 Adam Smith, in his Wealth of Nations, observed the benefits of the specialization of labour in the manufacture of pins.
