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BROKERS' billboards outside Tan Lieu, a poor rural community in northern Vietnam, advertise "Labour Export"—jobs abroad.
"Vietnam's labour export companies – many affiliated with state-owned enterprises – sometimes charge fees in excess of the law for work abroad, leaving workers with exorbitant debts and vulnerable to forced labour and debt bondage".
Since both cases broadly have a similar history of emigration as labour export, a detailed examination will be necessary to observe the differences, and a variety of variables will be considered for this purpose.
Abadan-Unat (2011), on the other hand, points to the 1960 coup in Turkey, the impact of Berlin Wall's construction in 1961 on the Western European labour market and the adoption of the 'First Five-Year Development Plan' by Turkey in 1963 and notes that, following the agreement with West Germany, Turkish emigration to Europe entered a new phase of 'state-controlled surplus labour export'.
In the following years, the economy of the Philippines became increasingly dependent on labour export, and in 1978, recruiting agencies for labour export were privatised, making it a cornerstone of the Philippine national development strategy.
The Philippine government promoted and encouraged labour export as a way to combat rising unemployment rates and to finance its coffers with overseas workers' remittances home.
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The commission of inquiry did not specifically address the issue of North Korea's overseas workers, but the Asan report suggests, "North Korea's labour exports lie at the intersection between grave human rights violations and North Korea's weapons of mass destruction programme.
Tremendous trade and labour-export opportunities for Chinese companies, Chun said, would also help 'salve' PRC concerns about … a reunified Korea.
They act as both monopsonists and monopolists, buying cheaply from farmers and driving up retail prices, thus contributing to low rural incomes and to high food-price inflation.Similar practices dominate the meat and poultry markets, construction, and government procurement and contracting, to name a few, as well as the labour-export industry, known in Nepal as "manpower".
Now they are desperate to get them to stay.Jintang county, to which Fuxing belongs, once enjoyed the dubious honour of being the biggest labour-exporting county in Sichuan province.
Over the past 30 years, Thailand has gradually transitioned from a labour-exporting to a labour-importing country, and hosted hundreds of thousands of nationals from neighbouring countries, resulting in a large influx of low-skilled migrant workers [ 1].
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