Sentence examples for labour disadvantage from inspiring English sources

The third observation worth noting refers to our core research question and Model 3, where childhood circumstances and labour disadvantage are combined into one model.

Again, as these analyses were based on detailed information of childhood social position and labour disadvantage throughout working life, this finding adds to existing literature.

In addition, we perform a formal test of mediation for multilevel models (Krull & MacKinnon, 2001) and test the significance of an indirect effect of childhood disadvantages via labour market disadvantage (both treated linear in this case) based on bootstrapping with 5000 replications.

By combining these four items, we defined an index with five levels of labour market disadvantage, ranging from "none", "mild", "moderate", "severe" to "very severe" disadvantage.

By combining these four items, we defined five possible levels of labour market disadvantage, ranging from 'none'mild'ld'moderateate'severeere' to 'very severe' disadvantage.

Levels of labour market disadvantage were rather low, with less than 1% experiencing very severe disadvantage only.

This weakened, yet statistically significant, effect points to a partial mediation, indicating that children who grew up in disadvantageous circumstances were more likely to experience labour market disadvantage; this partly explains their lower quality of life beyond working life.

Conversely, labour market disadvantage was not frequent as the large majority (over 80percentnt) experienced mild or none disadvantage in their past careers (see Table  1 for details).

Furthermore, the measure of labour market disadvantage was based on specific characteristics of the employment history (rather than self-perceived disadvantage).

First, for both men and women we see a stepwise decrease of the regression coefficients of childhood circumstances (Model 1) and of labour market disadvantage (Model 2), where deprived circumstances during childhood (or higher levels of labour market disadvantage) are related to lower quality of life after retirement.

Importantly, when combining these two groups of explanatory variables into one model (Model 3), the regression coefficients of childhood circumstances are generally attenuated, indicating that part of the association between disadvantaged childhood circumstances and stressful working conditions is due to labour market disadvantage (hypothesis 2).